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// course 01 · the ai reality map · before we talk

You said "we want AI." Here's the part nobody sells you.

This is the before-we-talk page. No pitch, no demo, no gated whitepaper. In about five minutes of scrolling you get the honest version of how enterprise AI actually works: the real economics, where it breaks, where it pays, what's realistic at your size, and what "sovereign" really means next to the US cloud.

We don't sell or build things that won't work. Here's the proof: we'd rather teach you to spot the theatre, even when we'd be the ones selling it, than take a project that dies in a committee. The whole point is simple: that you can make a confident decision about AI and your business.

Start the map

// watch first · 45 seconds

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transcript
  • Before you bet the budget on AI, watch this.
  • The model is the cheap part. The cost is everything around it.
  • Over 80% of AI projects fail (RAND).
  • Only about 5% see real returns (MIT NANDA).
  • It's rarely the model. It's the boring middle nobody budgets for.
  • The winners pick one workflow. Narrow, integrated, measured.
  • An "EU region" on a US cloud is not sovereignty.
  • The model is rented. The moat is what you own.
  • Eight questions, honest answers, no pitch.
  • Run the free, interactive course at heimlandr.io/ai-reality-map.

// course 01 · the audio edition

the whole map · about 8 min

No time to scroll? This is the entire course as one listen: the costs, the failure modes, the sales gap and the forecast. Same facts, same sources, our voice.

0:00--:--
transcript

This is the AI Reality Map, by HEIMLANDR. Eight minutes, no pitch, no hype. What you are about to hear is the briefing we would normally give across the table, before any talk of a project: what enterprise AI actually costs, where it breaks, where it pays off, and the part of the industry nobody puts in a sales deck. If you would rather read, everything is on the page, with sources. Alright. Here is the map.

Start with the money. The model licence is the cheap part. A demo proves the model can do the task once, and practitioners put that at roughly ten percent of the work. The other ninety is the part nobody shows on stage: evaluations, guardrails, monitoring, data pipelines, security, human oversight. And the bill compounds. A multi-step agent resends its whole context on every call, so a single task can burn ten to a hundred times the tokens of one chat turn. Unit prices keep falling, and it does not save you: when token prices halved, usage grew about four hundred and fifty percent. So budget for the system, not the API call.

The first real decision is not which model. It is build, buy, or wait. Buy the commodity: transcription, generic chat, coding assistants. Building those yourself is lighting money on fire. Build only where you own the data and the workflow, because that is the only place a custom system can become an advantage. MIT's numbers are blunt here: bought or partnered AI reaches production about twice as often as internal builds. And sometimes the honest answer is wait. If your data is not ready, a pilot just buys you an expensive lesson.

Now the uncomfortable part. RAND estimates more than eighty percent of AI projects fail. That is roughly twice the failure rate of ordinary IT projects. And MIT found only about five percent of enterprise pilots show real profit and loss impact. Here is what those numbers actually mean: the demos worked. What killed the projects was the boring middle. Messy data nobody wants to clean. Integration into systems that were never designed for it. A workflow people quietly refuse to adopt. When a vendor's plan skips the boring middle, that is the tell.

So what do the five percent do? Almost boring things. They pick one high-value workflow. They rebuild it around the tool instead of bolting AI onto the old process. They wire it into the systems people already use. And they measure it with a number that existed before AI did: handling time, error rate, throughput. The moonshot dies in a committee. The boring project compounds, because every correction becomes data that makes the next version better. That loop is the advantage. Not the launch.

What is realistic depends on your size, but not the way vendors tell it. If you are small, adopt good tools well and move on. Building your own model is an expensive mistake. Mid-sized: one custom build is justified, on the single workflow that is genuinely your edge. Enterprise: the governance layer comes first, access control, audit, data residency, or nothing you pilot is worth scaling. And be patient on payback: most organizations reach satisfactory returns in two to four years, not two quarters. The real divide is not size. It is leaders versus laggards.

Now the part your lawyers flagged. A European region on an American cloud is not sovereignty. The US CLOUD Act compels American providers to hand over data they control, wherever the server physically sits. A datacenter in Frankfurt owned by a US company is still within reach. Real sovereignty means the operator, the hardware, and the jurisdiction are all European, at the same time. That is how we run: infrastructure we operate ourselves, on EU soil, with no American middlemen in the data path. If your data is regulated, privileged, or a genuine trade secret, this is not a detail.

Next, theatre. Everyone says agentic. Gartner went counting: of thousands of self-described agentic vendors, about one hundred and thirty are the real thing. They have a name for the rest: agent washing. Old automation, new label. Remember this: the model is rented. Whatever you rent, your competitor can rent next quarter. The moat is what you own. Your data, the feedback loops that improve it, the integration into how work actually happens, and a quality system with your name on it.

And here is the part you will not hear anywhere else, because it is about how this industry sells. The salesperson is paid when you sign. The engineer is judged in month three. Every overpromise lives in the gap between those two moments. Nobody is exactly lying. Deployed in weeks means the demo. It learns your business means document search. Ninety-nine percent accurate means on their test data, not yours. Generative AI made this worse, because these systems are at their most impressive in the first five minutes and at their most fragile in month three. So do the one thing a sales team cannot fake. Ask for the engineer who will own your integration to join the next meeting, and ask them what will be hard. If no engineer shows up before the contract does, you have your answer.

Where is this heading? Predicting next year's models is guesswork, so I will not. But the structure is forecastable. Prices per token keep falling, and total bills keep rising, because usage grows faster. The frontier models keep converging, so the rented advantage keeps shrinking. European regulation phases in through twenty twenty-seven, which turns where your systems run into a board question. And the gap between the five percent and everyone else keeps widening, because owned data compounds and pilots do not. Waiting for the model that makes all this easy is not a strategy. Your bottleneck is your data and your workflow. Those do not improve on their own.

That is the map. If you remember three things: budget for the system, not the licence. Build only what you own. And keep the engineer in the room when the promises are made. Everything you just heard is written out at heimlandr dot io, slash ai reality map, with sources, the interactive tools, and the calculator. Free, no signup, no follow-up call. We built it so that whatever you decide about AI, you decide it with open eyes. And if you want this run against your own company, you know where we are. HEIMLANDR. We skip the hype and give you the reality.

// the map

From "we want AI" to something you own

Every project walks the same chain, and the work is back-loaded. The demo is the easy part. Most projects fall at the production cliff. Here is the whole route, start to finish.

  1. 01

    Data readiness

    Is the data clean, accessible, and legal to use? Most projects stall here, long before a model is ever chosen.

  2. 02

    Use-case selection

    Pick where you own the data and the workflow, not where the demo looked impressive.

  3. 03

    Build, buy, or wait

    Buy the commodity, build only the differentiated slice, wait if the data is not ready.

  4. 04

    Pilot

    A demo proves the model can do it once. Scope the pilot to a real number, not a wow moment.

  5. 05

    Production (the cliff)

    the 90% cliff

    Evaluations, guardrails, monitoring, security, human oversight. This is the 90 percent nobody pitches, and where most projects fall.

  6. 06

    Integration

    Wire it into the tools people already use, or it will not get adopted no matter how good it is.

  7. 07

    Governance

    Access control, audit logs, data residency, GDPR and EU AI Act posture. The boring layer that makes it safe to scale.

  8. 08

    Moat

    Proprietary data plus feedback loops plus integration competitors cannot copy. The model was always rented; this is what you own.

// 01 · the economy

What does enterprise AI actually cost?

The model licence is the cheap part. The cost is everything around it, and it doesn't scale linearly.

A demo proves the task once. Practitioners put that at roughly 10 percent of the work; safety, data, evals and reliability are the other 90 (Thoughtworks, 2026).

// the cost curve

relative cost · illustrative

Demo + pilot
The cheap part. A demo proves the model can do the task once. This is the slice everyone shows you.
Production
Where cost erupts. Evaluations, guardrails, monitoring, data pipelines, security, human oversight. The part nobody pitches.
Scale
Where it compounds. Inference is a recurring cost, and an agent that loops or calls tools burns far more than a single prompt.

// the short version

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transcript
  • What enterprise AI actually costs.
  • The demo is about 10% of the work; safety, data and evals are the other 90 (Thoughtworks).
  • The licence is cheap. The system is not.
  • Run the free, interactive course at heimlandr.io/ai-reality-map.
Go deeper

A demo proves the model can do the task once. Production means evals, guardrails, monitoring, data pipelines, security and human oversight, the unglamorous 90 percent. Then inference compounds: a multi-step agent resends its whole context on every call, so one task can burn roughly 10 to 100 times the tokens of a single chat turn (Gartner puts it at 5 to 30 times per task). Unit prices keep dropping, but Bain found that as token prices halved, usage grew about 450 percent, so the total bill still climbs. Budget for the system, not the API call. Gartner predicted in 2024 that at least 30 percent of generative AI projects would be abandoned after proof of concept by the end of 2025, naming escalating cost as one reason.

open the chapter page
// 02 · the use-case

Where does AI actually matter, and where is it theatre?

Pick the place where you own the data and the workflow. Everything else is someone else's commodity.

Build, buy, or wait is the real decision. MIT found bought or partnered AI reaches production about 67 percent of the time versus 33 percent for internal builds (MIT Project NANDA, 2025).

// build · buy · wait

The real first decision is not which model. It is whether to build, buy, or wait. Answer honestly and the tool gives you the same verdict we would.

Do you own data or a workflow a competitor could not copy?
Is that data clean, accessible, and legal to use today?
Does an off-the-shelf tool already do most of this well?
Can you name the metric it must move, and where it sits today?
Your company size?

// the short version

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  • The real AI decision is build, buy, or wait.
  • Bought or partnered AI reaches production about twice as often as internal builds (MIT).
  • Build only where you own the data and the workflow.
  • Run the free, interactive course at heimlandr.io/ai-reality-map.
Go deeper

Buy the commodity (transcription, generic chat, coding assistants); building it yourself is lighting money on fire. Build only where you have proprietary data or a workflow nobody else can copy, because that is the only place a custom system earns its keep. MIT's 2025 data is blunt on this: tools bought from specialist vendors or built through partnerships reached deployment about twice as often as tools built internally. And sometimes the right answer is wait: if your data is not ready, a pilot now just produces an expensive lesson you could have read here for free. Use the tool above to get the same verdict we would give you.

open the chapter page
// 03 · where it breaks

Why do most AI projects fail?

Almost never the model. It's data, integration, workflow, and the last mile to production.

S&P Global found 42 percent of organizations abandoned most of their AI initiatives in 2025, up from 17 percent, scrapping 46 percent of proof-of-concepts before production (S&P Global Market Intelligence, 2025).

// the short version

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  • Why most AI projects never ship.
  • Over 80% of AI projects fail (RAND).
  • Only about 5% see real returns (MIT NANDA).
  • It's rarely the model. It's everything around it.
  • Run the free, interactive course at heimlandr.io/ai-reality-map.
Go deeper

The demos work. What kills the project is the boring middle: messy data nobody wants to clean, integration into systems never designed for it, a workflow people will not actually adopt, and a last mile of evals and guardrails that turns a clever prototype into something you can trust in front of a customer. The numbers around this are stark and worth reading carefully. MIT's Project NANDA reported that only about 5 percent of integrated enterprise AI pilots showed measurable profit-and-loss impact (the widely quoted "95 percent failed" framing is contested, and applies most cleanly to custom internal builds). RAND estimates more than 80 percent of AI projects fail, roughly twice the rate of non-AI IT projects. McKinsey found 88 percent of organizations now use AI somewhere, yet only about 39 percent report any enterprise-level EBIT impact. When a vendor's plan skips the boring middle, that is the tell.

open the chapter page
// 04 · where it works

What does a successful AI project actually look like?

Narrow, integrated, measured. The moonshot dies; the boring one compounds.

The few that worked narrowed to one high-value workflow and redesigned it around the tool, instead of bolting AI onto the old process (MIT Project NANDA; McKinsey, 2025).

// the short version

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  • What a winning AI project looks like.
  • The moonshot dies. The boring one compounds.
  • One workflow, wired into the tools people already use, measured.
  • Run the free, interactive course at heimlandr.io/ai-reality-map.
Go deeper

A good first project is almost boring: one well-chosen workflow, AI wired directly into the tools people already use, and a metric that existed before AI did (handling time, error rate, throughput). MIT's 2025 work found the 5 percent that captured real value did exactly this: they narrowed to one high-value workflow, customized deeply, and started at the edges before scaling into the core. McKinsey, testing 25 organizational attributes, found redesigning the workflow had the single biggest effect on whether gen AI moved EBIT, and that the clearest returns showed up in unglamorous back-office automation, not the flashy front office. The feedback such a project generates becomes proprietary data that makes the next version better. That compounding loop, not a launch, is what turns into an advantage.

open the chapter page
// 05 · what you can expect

What's realistic by company size, enterprise to small?

Enterprise, mid, SMB, and small should not do the same thing. Most should buy the commodity and build only where they're different.

Adoption is near-universal, impact is not: 88 percent use AI somewhere, only about 39 percent see any EBIT impact, and roughly 5 to 6 percent capture value at scale (McKinsey; BCG, 2025).

// the short version

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  • Adoption is near universal. Impact is not.
  • 88% use AI; only about 5% capture value at scale (McKinsey, BCG).
  • Buy the commodity. Build only where you're different.
  • Run the free, interactive course at heimlandr.io/ai-reality-map.
Go deeper

A 20-person company that builds its own model is making an expensive mistake; the right move is to adopt good tools well and move on. A mid-sized firm earns a custom build only on the one workflow that is genuinely its edge. An enterprise needs the boring layer most vendors skip (governance, access control, a platform) before any single use-case is worth scaling. On timelines: Deloitte's 2025 survey found only 6 percent of organizations saw AI payback in under a year, with most reaching satisfactory ROI in two to four years, against the seven to twelve months typical of conventional tech. BCG found only 5 percent capturing value at scale and put about 70 percent of the gap on people, process and culture rather than the models. The real divide is leaders versus laggards, not company size.

open the chapter page
// 06 · sovereignty vs the us cloud

What does sovereign AI mean versus the US cloud?

"EU region" on a US cloud isn't sovereignty. The US CLOUD Act can reach the data anyway.

The CLOUD Act (2018) compels US providers to hand over data they control wherever it sits. Schrems II struck down Privacy Shield; the 2023 Data Privacy Framework is upheld for now but under appeal at the EU Court of Justice (Latombe, 2025).

// who can reach your data

US cloud(incl. "EU region")

Data reachable. The US parent can be compelled to produce it, wherever the servers sit.

Sovereign (EU-operated)

Out of reach. There is no US legal hook to pull. The order has nothing to attach to.

Who operates the platform
A US-headquartered company
A European operator, on hardware we run
Reachable under US law (CLOUD Act, FISA 702)
Yes, even for an "EU region"
No US legal hook exists
Data physically in the EU
Maybe, if you pick an EU region
Yes, always
Can be compelled without telling you
Yes, gag orders exist
Only via EU courts, under EU law
Your data can train a third-party model
Sometimes, by default
Never

Mechanism: the US CLOUD Act (2018) compels US providers to produce data regardless of where it is stored; FISA 702 enables surveillance of non-US persons. Schrems II (CJEU, 2020) invalidated Privacy Shield, and the 2023 EU-US Data Privacy Framework remains under legal challenge.

// the short version

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transcript
  • An "EU region" on a US cloud is not sovereignty.
  • The US CLOUD Act can reach the data anyway, wherever the server sits.
  • Real sovereignty means the operator, the hardware and the jurisdiction are all European.
  • Run the free, interactive course at heimlandr.io/ai-reality-map.
Go deeper

A US-headquartered provider can be compelled to produce data regardless of where the server physically sits, under the CLOUD Act (2018, 18 U.S.C. 2713), so a datacenter in Frankfurt owned by a US company is not actually sovereign. US foreign-intelligence law (FISA Section 702 and Executive Order 12333) can reach non-US persons' data held by US providers with limited redress; Section 702's authority lapsed in mid-2026 but collection continues under court certifications into 2027. The legal ground keeps shifting: Schrems II (2020) invalidated Privacy Shield, and the 2023 EU-US Data Privacy Framework was upheld by the EU General Court in 2025 but is now under appeal at the Court of Justice. Real sovereignty means the operator, the hardware and the jurisdiction are all European. We run our own infrastructure on EU soil with no US middlemen in the data path. If your data is regulated, privileged, or a genuine trade secret, this is the difference your legal team flagged.

See how we build sovereign AI
open the chapter page
// 07 · theatre vs moat

Where do AI vendors oversell, and what's a real moat?

Strategy decks with no build. RAG chatbots sold as transformation. "Agentic" inflation. A real moat is proprietary data, workflow integration, and owning the loop.

Gartner estimates that of thousands of self-described "agentic" vendors only about 130 are the real thing, and predicts over 40 percent of agentic projects will be canceled by 2027 (Gartner, 2025).

// the short version

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  • Everyone says "agentic."
  • Of thousands of self-described agentic vendors, Gartner counts only about 130 real ones.
  • The model is rented. The moat is what you own.
  • Run the free, interactive course at heimlandr.io/ai-reality-map.
Go deeper

Be suspicious of "AI strategy" with no implementation attached, of fine-tuning pitched when a prompt would do, and of rip-and-replace where integration would do. Gartner calls it "agent washing": vendors rebranding chatbots and old automation as "agentic." Andreessen Horowitz, an AI investor with every reason to talk it up, argues the opposite is true at the margin: AI gross margins often run 50 to 60 percent against 60 to 80 percent for comparable software, and the model "may largely be a pass-through" to the underlying product and data. Benedict Evans puts it plainly: frontier models are converging, so the moat is not the model but how you use it. What is actually defensible is unglamorous: proprietary data and the feedback loops that improve it, deep integration into how work happens, switching costs, and a quality system you own. The model is rented.

open the chapter page
// 08 · how we do it differently

How does HEIMLANDR do this differently?

We scope to what works, ship to production, run it on EU iron we operate, and tell you when the answer is "don't build."

Sovereign by default, no middlemen, production-first, and honest about where a project should not happen.

// the short version

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  • We tell you when not to build.
  • Scoped to what works, shipped to production, run on EU iron we operate ourselves.
  • No middlemen, no theatre.
  • Run the free, interactive course at heimlandr.io/ai-reality-map.
Go deeper

We start with a scoping pass: what data, what jurisdiction, what actually needs to be true for this to pay off. We build the narrow, integrated version that ships, run it on infrastructure we operate on EU soil, and own the loop with you. And when the honest answer is that you should buy a tool or wait six months, we say that. That is the whole point of this page.

open the chapter page
// 09 · the sales gap

Why does the pitch promise more than the build can deliver?

Sales gets paid when you sign. Engineering gets judged in month three. AI projects break in the gap between the two.

Gartner predicted at least 30 percent of generative AI projects abandoned after proof of concept, and calls the vendor side "agent washing": thousands claim it, about 130 are real (Gartner, 2024-2025).

// the sales translator

what the deck says · what it means

Run the next deck you receive through this. Every phrase below is real, common, and technically true. The question next to it is the one that separates a build from a pitch.

usually means: Often a thin layer on the same rented model your competitors use. The label says nothing about what, if anything, they built on top.

ask them: What did you build on top of the model, and which parts are yours?

usually means: The demo is deployed in weeks. The integration into your systems, your data and your workflow is the actual project.

ask them: Weeks to a demo, or weeks to production on our data?

usually means: Usually retrieval over the documents you upload. Nothing "learns" unless someone builds a feedback loop, and that is rarely in the quote.

ask them: What exactly updates when we correct a wrong answer?

usually means: SSO, a log page and a higher price tier. Evals, audit trails and data residency are the real enterprise checklist.

ask them: Show us the eval suite and the audit trail.

usually means: On their benchmark, with their data. Your documents, your formats and your edge cases were not in the test.

ask them: What was the test set, and can we run the same test on ours?

usually means: Frequently last year's automation with this year's label. Gartner counts about 130 real ones among thousands who claim it.

ask them: Show us one autonomous run, end to end, unedited.

usually means: An API exists. Someone still has to wire it into your systems and keep it wired, and that someone is usually you.

ask them: Who does the wiring, what does it cost, and who maintains it?

bring them to the next vendor meeting
Go deeper

Nobody is exactly lying. "Deployed in weeks" means the demo. "It learns your business" means retrieval over the documents you upload. "Enterprise-ready" means SSO and a log page. "99 percent accurate" means on their benchmark, not on your data. The account executive is not the person who will wire the system into your ERP, clean ten years of your files, or sit in the eval meetings, and by the time the gap surfaces the commission has cleared. AI made this old software pattern worse, because generative systems are at their most impressive in the first five minutes and at their most fragile in month three. Two habits protect you. First, run every phrase in the deck through the translator above. Second, do the thing a sales team cannot fake: ask for the engineer who will own your integration to join the next call, and ask them what will be hard. If no engineer shows up before the contract does, that is your answer.

open the chapter page
// 10 · the forecast

Where is enterprise AI heading over the next three years?

Unit prices fall, total bills rise, models converge, rules tighten. None of it changes the strategy: own the workflow, rent the model.

As token prices halved, usage grew about 450 percent (Bain). Gartner expects over 40 percent of agentic AI projects canceled by 2027. Falling unit prices and rising bills are the same forecast.

// the three-year forecast

Set your own numbers. The point is the shape, not the decimals: the licence line stays small while usage growth and running costs decide the real bill.

One custom build on your real edge?
Year 1
€18,000
Year 2
€27,000
Year 3
€40,500
licences

3-year total, your assumptions

€85,500

All licences. Cheap to start, nothing owned at the end: no data loop, no integration, no moat. If one workflow is genuinely yours, price the build scenario too.

take it to the budget meeting
Go deeper

Predicting model capability is guesswork, so this page does not try; the LIVE strip below tracks the fast-moving part. What can be forecast is structure. One: unit prices keep falling while agent workloads multiply token use 10 to 100 times per task, so budgets follow usage, not price lists; run your own numbers in the calculator above. Two: frontier models keep converging, which means whatever advantage you rent, your competitor can rent next quarter; only the data, evals and integration you own compound. Three: regulation arrives on a schedule, not a vibe. The EU AI Act phases in obligations through 2027, and the EU-US data framework is again being tested in court, so where your systems run stops being an IT detail and becomes board-level risk. Four: the winner gap widens. Adoption is already near universal, and the roughly 5 percent who capture value at scale are compounding while everyone else pilots. Waiting for the model that makes it easy is not a strategy; the bottleneck is your data and your workflow, and those do not improve on their own.

open the chapter page

⚡ live · too dynamic to ground

Everything above is evergreen. It deliberately never names this week's model, so it never goes stale. This strip is the opposite: it refreshes daily with the newest models, agent harnesses, and regulation, so you always know how much to trust each part.

// faq

Frequently asked questions

Is this really free? What's the catch?

No catch. The page is free and ungated on purpose: it makes you a sharper buyer, and it's how we prove we won't sell you a project that can't work. If you want it pressure-tested against your actual stack, that's the conversation, but you never have to have it.

How current is this, doesn't AI change every week?

On purpose, the core of this page never names "this week's model." The economics, failure modes, and sovereignty questions are structural and stay true for years. The fast-moving stuff (newest models, fresh benchmarks, new regulation) lives in a separate, clearly marked LIVE layer that updates itself. That way you always know exactly how much to trust each part. Figures here were last reviewed in June 2026.

We're not a big enterprise. Does this apply to us?

Yes, the answer is just different at your size. Smaller companies usually win by adopting good tools well and building only on the one thing that is genuinely their edge. The "What you can expect" section breaks it down by enterprise, mid, SMB, and small.

Can't you just tell us what to build?

Often the honest answer is "buy this tool" or "wait until your data is ready," and we will say that before we quote a build. When a custom system is genuinely the right call, we scope it to what ships and runs, not to what fills a statement of work.

Can I listen to this instead of reading?

Yes. The whole course exists as an audio edition of about eight minutes, recorded in our own voice, at the top of the page. Same facts, same sources; the page adds the interactive tools, the calculator and the full source list.

// sources · reviewed june 2026
  1. 01MIT Project NANDA, The GenAI Divide: State of AI in Business 2025
  2. 02S&P Global Market Intelligence, Voice of the Enterprise: AI & Machine Learning 2025
  3. 03Gartner, 30% of GenAI projects abandoned after PoC by end-2025 (July 2024)
  4. 04Gartner, Over 40% of agentic AI projects canceled by end-2027 (June 2025)
  5. 05RAND Corporation, Root Causes of Failure for AI Projects (RR-A2680-1, 2024)
  6. 06McKinsey QuantumBlack, The State of AI 2025
  7. 07Boston Consulting Group, The Widening AI Value Gap (September 2025)
  8. 08Deloitte, AI ROI: Rising Investment and Elusive Returns (2025)
  9. 09Stanford HAI, Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2025
  10. 10Andreessen Horowitz, The New Business of AI
  11. 11US CLOUD Act 2018 (18 U.S.C. 2713)
  12. 12CJEU, Schrems II (Case C-311/18, 2020)
  13. 13EU AI Act (Regulation (EU) 2024/1689) implementation timeline

Figures are reported as their sources state them. Where a widely quoted number is contested (for example the MIT "95 percent" framing), we say so in the text rather than repeat it uncritically.